Learn how to grow gourds on the roof [agriculture knowledge ]

 While gourd was a winter vegetable, it is now cultivated all year round. It is a delicious vegetable. Gourd is a popular vegetable for everyone. Gourds grow in almost all types of soil. Mainly loam to clay loam soils are good for gourd cultivation.

But gourd cultivation loam or sandy-loam soil should be used in tub or roof garden. But if sand-loam soil is used, the amount of organic fertilizer should be added to the soil.

For winter gourd cultivation, seeds should be sown between September and October. Gourd seeds should be sown in mid-August for early winter crops. Gourd seeds should be sown in polybags.

The seeds should be soaked in water for 8-12 hours before sowing. Then take the seeds from the water and dry the excess water with tissue paper and sow the seeds in polybags. Two seeds should be sown in each polybag. Care should be taken that the soil of the polybag does not dry out. Light water should be given if necessary.

How to grow gourd on the roof

For growing gourd in the roof garden, half drum or equivalent container should be used. Four-five holes should be made at the bottom of the half drum, so that excess water can be easily drained.

The holes in the floor of the half drum should be closed with small pieces of brick. Now for each half drum, two parts of loam or sandy loam soil, 1 part cow dung, 50 grams of TSP fertilizer, 50 grams of potash, 250 grams of mustard seeds should be mixed together and soaked in water for 10-12 days.

Then dig the soil a little and leave it like this for four to five days. A vigorous gourd seedling sown in polybags should be transplanted when the soil becomes moist. The soil around the seedlings should be compacted by hand. At the beginning, the soil should be added a little higher.

Water should be given abundantly in the beginning after planting. Gradually increase the amount of water. Gourd plants require a lot of water. The daily fish-meat washing water is sometimes given to the gourd plant will be especially beneficial.

Gourd plants planted in tubs or drums in rooftop gardens suffer from crop failure due to lack of water. Cultivating gourds in tubs or drums requires a little more water. Weeds should be kept clean regularly. At least once a week the drum soil should be lightly loosened. Care should be taken to ensure that the gourd plant gets enough sun.

How to do other care

To ensure the proper care of the plant, if the gourd plant is a little big, a little urea fertilizer should be applied at a distance from the root.

Corn cultivation method [corn cultivation ]

 

 What is the method of cultivating corn?

It is not right to do without knowing the method of corn cultivation. You must know the rules to get full results.

Crop Name: Maize

Nutritional value: The nutritional value  of maize is higher than that of rice and wheat. It contains about 11% non-vegetarian content. Meat contains more essential amino acids, tryptophan and lysine. Besides, yellow colored corn kernels contain about 90 mg of carotene or vitamin "A" per 100 grams.

Herb count:

Uses:  Maize kernels are used as human food and maize stalks and green leaves are used as high quality cattle fodder. It also has considerable importance as poultry and fish feed. About 2 lakh 70 thousand tons of corn grains are required annually to meet the demand of animals, chicken farms and fish. Maize land is increasing rapidly in Bangladesh.

Suitable land and soil:  Sandy loam and loam soils are suitable for maize cultivation. Care should be taken that water does not accumulate on the ground.

Introduction of varieties:  By collection and selection of maize varieties, BARI has till date developed several improved varieties to meet the growing demand of Bangladesh.

Corn varieties:

Bari Hybrid Maize-5: A high yielding hybrid variety approved in 2004. The life span of this variety is 140-145 days in Rabi season and 95-105 days in Kharip season. The seeds of the variety are bright attractive orange in color, flint in nature and 1000 seeds weigh 290-310 grams. The yield per hectare is 9-10 tons in rabi season and 7-7.5 tons in kharif season.

Bari Hybrid Maize-7: This variety was developed by unidirectional hybridization from parental lines collected and selected from International Wheat and Maize Development Center and released in 2006. The life span of this variety is 135-141 days in Rabi season and 95-100 days in Kharif season. The seeds of the variety are attractive yellow in color, flint in nature and 1000 seeds weigh 370-390 grams. The yield per hectare is 10.5-11.5 tonnes in rabi season.

Bari Hybrid Maize-9: This variety was developed by unidirectional hybridization from parental lines collected and selected from International Wheat and Maize Development Center and released in 2007. The life span of this variety is 145-150 days in Rabi season and 105-110 days in Kharif season. The seeds of the variety are attractive yellow in color, dented in nature and weight of 1000 seeds is 370-375 grams. The yield per hectare is 11.5-12.5 tonnes in rabi season.

Bari Hybrid Maize-10: This variety was developed and released in 2009 by crossbreeding Bari's own inbred lines collected from the International Wheat and Maize Development Center. The life span of this variety is 145-150 days in Rabi season and 100-110 days in Kharif season. The seeds of the variety are attractive yellow in color, flint in nature. The yield per hectare is 10-11.5 tonnes in rabi season.

Bari Hybrid Maize-11: This variety was developed by unidirectional hybridization from parental lines collected and selected from International Wheat and Maize Development Center and released in 2009. The life span of this variety is 150-155 days in rabi season. The seeds of the variety are yellow in color, flint in nature. The yield per hectare is 10.5-11.5 tonnes in rabi season.

Bari Hybrid Maize-12: Low irrigated productive and medium drought tolerant high yielding white grain flint variety. It was released in 2016. The life span of this variety is 140-145 days in rabi season. The yield of the variety is 8.1-8.5 tonnes per hectare with a single application of irrigation (before fruiting) under drought conditions and 10-11.1 tonnes per hectare under normal irrigation.

Bari Hybrid Maize-13: Low irrigated productive and medium drought tolerant high yielding white grain flint variety. It was released in 2016. The life span of this variety is 145-152 days in rabi season. The yield of the variety is 8.2-8.9 tonnes per hectare under a single application of irrigation (before fruiting) under drought conditions and 10.1-11.2 tonnes per hectare under normal irrigation. Even after mocha matures, the plant and leaves of the variety remain green which is suitable for use as cattle fodder.

Bari Hybrid Maize-14: The variety is more heat tolerant and medium yielding at flowering stage in Kharif season. It was released in 2017. The life span of this variety is 140 days in rabi season and 115 days in kharif season. The grain of the variety is white in color and semi-dent in nature. The variety is resistant to leaf blight. The average yield per hectare is 10.84 tonnes in rabi season and 10.52 tonnes in kharif season.

Bari Hybrid Maize-15: The variety is more heat tolerant and high yielding at flowering stage in Kharif season. It was released in 2017. The life span of this variety is 148 days in rabi season and 121 days in kharif season. The seeds of the variety are yellow in color and semi-dent in nature. The variety is resistant to leaf blight. The average yield per hectare is 12.75 tonnes in rabi season and 12.07 tonnes in kharif season. Most of the leaves of the variety are green when mature, making it suitable for use as cattle fodder.

Bari Sweet Maize-1: This variety was selected through selection process from germplasm collected from Thailand and approved in 2002. Sweet corn is eaten raw. So mocha should be harvested when the seeds are soft. Edible mocha can be harvested within 20-25 days of silking i.e. only 115-120 days after sowing. Its yellow seeds are rich in vitamin A. The variety yields 10-10.5 tonnes per hectare in rabi season (shelled young mocha) and about 25 tonnes/ha of green fodder.

Sowing time:  Mid-Ashwin to mid-Agrahayan (October-November) in rabi season and Falgun to mid-Chaitra (mid-February-March) in kharif season are suitable sowing times.  

 Fertilizer management : The amount of different types of fertilizers in corn cultivation is given below:    

                      Quantity/ha/kg

Fertilizer Name	Composite Robi	Composite Kharif	Hybrid   Robi
Urea	১৭২-৩১২	২১৬-২৬৪	৫০০-৫৫০
TSP	১৬৮-২১৬	১৩২-২১৬	২৪০-২৬০
MP	৯৬-১৪৪	৭২-১২০	১৮০-২২০
Gypsum	১৪৪-১৬৮	৯৬-১৪৪	২৪০-২৬০
Zinc sulfate	১০-১৫	৭-১২	১০-১৫
boric acid	৫-৭	৫-৭	৫-৭
dung	৪-৬টন	৪-৬টন	৪-৬টন

Fertilizer application method:  At the last stage of land preparation, one third of the approved urea and all other fertilizers should be sprinkled on the land. Remaining urea should be applied in 2 equal installments. The first installment should be applied after 25-30 days of seed germination and the second installment after 40-50 days of seed germination. Excess seedlings should be removed from the land within 30 days of germination. The land should be kept weed free until the seedlings are one month old.
 

Irrigation and Weed Management  : Irrigation during rabi season is essential to obtain the expected yield of high yielding varieties of maize. Invented varieties can be given 3-4 irrigations as follows.
 

First irrigation      : 15-20 days after sowing (4-6 leaf stage)

Second irrigation     : 30-35 days after sowing (8-12 leaf stage)

Third irrigation     : 60-70 days after sowing (mocha emergence stage)

Fourth irrigation       : 85-95 days after sowing (pre-set stage)
 

Care must be taken not to cause waterlogging in the land at any time during flowering and seeding of corn. If weeds appear in the land, they should be suppressed with nirani.
 

Insect and spider management  : In the case of corn seedlings, if attacked by spider mites, it should be killed by hand.
 

Disease Management: 

Maize Seed Rot and Seedling Disease Control:  Seed rot and seedling damage usually reduce the number of maize plants in the field. A variety of seed and soil borne fungi such as Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Penicillium etc. cause seeding, seedling blight, diseases and root rot diseases. If the amount of sap in the soil is high and the soil temperature is low, it takes a long time for the seedlings of the sown seeds to grow. As a result, the level of fungal attack increases during this time.

remedy

1. Healthy, vigorous and blight-free seeds and corn seed rot resistant spectrum and seal varieties should be used.

2. The land should be well prepared and sown in moderate moisture and temperature (more than 13C).

3. Seed treatment with Thiram or Vitavex (0.25%) at the rate of 2.5-3.0 g per kg of seed greatly reduces the attack of maize seed rot disease.

Control of leaf blight of maize:  Helminthosporium tarsicum and Helminthosporium maydis cause this disease. Corn leaf scorch disease is more common in our country due to the first fungus. Elongated gray spots appear on the lower leaves of plants infested with Helminthosporium tarscum. Later it spreads to the upper part of the tree. If the incidence of the disease is high, the leaves dry up prematurely and the plant dies. The germs of this disease survive for many days in the affected part of the plant. The spores or conidia of the bacterium can spread far to healthy plants with the help of wind. If the air humidity is high and 18-27 degrees C. The attack of this disease increases with temperature.
 Remedy:

1. Disease resistant varieties (Mohar) should be cultivated.

2. Infected crops should be sprayed with Tilt 250 EC (0.04%) 2-3 times after 15 days.

3. Infected plants should be removed from the land or burned after harvesting corn.

Suppression of corn mocha and grain rot diseases: 

Mocha and grain rot diseases reduce maize yield, seed quality and food quality. Various types of fungi such as Diplodia medis, Fusarium moniliformi etc. cause this disease. Infected mocha peels and grains become discolored. Grains are not nourished, shriveled or cracked. Many times the presence of fungi between or on different grains of mocha can be seen with the naked eye. The attack of this disease increases if the rainfall is high from the time of emergence to ripening of the maize plant. This disease becomes widespread when the tree falls to the ground due to insect or bird attack or stem rot disease. The germs of this disease live in seeds or abandoned parts of infected plants. If corn is cultivated repeatedly in the same land, this disease spreads rapidly.

 

remedy

1. To avoid the outbreak of this disease, it is not right to cultivate corn repeatedly in the same land.

2. Insects and birds should be prevented from attacking the land.

3. When the corn is ripe, it should be cut as soon as possible.

4. After harvesting, the abandoned part of the corn should be burnt.
 

Maize Stem Rot Disease Control  : This disease is caused by different species of fungi such as Diplodia maydis, Fusarium moniliformi. Early symptoms include rotting of stems and trees falling to the ground. In our country, this disease is more common in Kharif season. Fungal stem rot disease is more common when soil is high in nitrogen and low in potassium.
 

Remedy:

1. Seeds should be treated with fungicide Vitavex-200 and applied.

2. Fertilizers should be used at a balanced rate, especially nitrogen and potash should be applied in moderation.

3. After harvesting the corn, the residue should be burnt.

4. Insects attacking the roots and stems should be suppressed.

5. Approved fungicide should be sprayed 2-3 times on affected land.

Harvesting: In harvesting  corn for grain, Mocha is ready to harvest when the cob is bright straw color and the leaves are slightly yellow. In this condition, black spots will be seen at the base of the seeds spread from Mocha. Maize can be harvested when the pods of the maize plant are 75-80% mature. As seeds, large and nutritious seeds should be collected from the middle part of Mocha.

How to Grow Cucumbers in Tub, [cucumber cultivation method ]

  How to Grow Cucumbers in Tubs or Containers in Home Yards

Cucumber is a popular vegetable in our country. Cucumber is eaten not only in salads but also as a vegetable. 80 percent of cucumber's ingredients are water. In our country, cucumber salad is kept at the top of the list. Cucumber is also used for bodybuilding. Let's know how to grow cucumber in a tub.[cucumber cultivation ]

Variety Selection:

At present, several varieties of cucumber are cultivated in Bangladesh. Most of these varieties are hybrids. There are 2 local varieties named Patia Giant BADC Baromasi &. Private seed companies are marketing several pure varieties and hybrid varieties. Among the different varieties of cucumber - Alvi, Kirin Titumir, Naogra Green, Himel, Green Field, Bashkhali, Madhumati, Shila, Lucky-7 etc. are cultivated in our country.

Suitable time for cultivation:

The best time for cucumber cultivation is from February to March. However, hybrid varieties can be sown throughout the year.

Life Time: 

Usually it can be from 75 to 120 days depending on the breed.

Soil preparation:

Fertile sandy loam soils are suitable for cucumber production. One part white sand, one part soil and one part rotted dung or good quality compost should be mixed well. If possible, you can mix a little ash with this mixture. For successful yielding in tubs, moderate amounts of chemical fertilizers can be used along with sufficient organic fertilizers.

Planting seeds or seedlings:

Cucumber seeds should be soaked for 24 hours before sowing. Sow the seeds twice the size of the seed. The best time to plant seedlings is in the afternoon, then the seedlings will die less. After planting seedlings, the roots of the seedlings should be pressed with soil. Then add water to the tub.

Small holes should be made at the bottom of the tub in which the seeds will be planted so that excess water can escape. After a week of germination, liquid fertilizer should be applied in quantity and according to the amount of soil in the pot, with TSP in five grains, the soil should be spread towards the edge of the tub. Cucumber plants should be watered in the morning and afternoon.

Preparation and Application of Liquid Fertilizer:

Soak 25 grams of mustard seeds in half a liter of water and keep it for 15 days. Now this soaked hair should be mixed well with two teaspoons of urea and MOP fertilizer in ten liters of water and applied in quantity.

Insects:

Cucumber leaf tunneler, red pumpkin beetle, fruit fly and tobacco caterpillars should be sprayed with cypermethrin (such as Ustad 20 ml or Magic or Kot 10 ml) per 10 liters of water and sprayed 2/3 times every 5th century at intervals of 10-12 days. . Care must be taken when spraying the medicine.

To control cucumber whitefly and blackfly, Imidachloroprid insecticide (such as Edmyr or Tido 7-10 ml / 2 mouths) should be mixed with 10 liters of water and sprayed 2/3 times every 5th century every 10 days.

disease:

Cucumber Powdery Mildew Disease Control Sulfur-based fungicides (eg Cumulus 40gms or Geivet or Monovit 20gms) or Carbendazim-type fungicides (eg: Goldazim 5ml or Mcozim or QB or Companion 20gm) mixed with every 10 liters of water for 10 consecutive days. A total of 2-3 times should be applied from the beginning.

Spray Mancozeb or Mancozeb + Metaloxyl (eg Ridomil Gold 20g per 10 liters of water) 3 times in 7-10 days to control cucumber leaf target spot and gummy stem blight. Care must be taken when spraying the medicine.

In the control of cucumber mosaic disease, if whiteflies, jab beetles are seen on the ground (carrier insects), insecticides of the imidachloroprid group (such as Edmire or Tido 10 ml. 2 mouths) should be mixed with 10 liters of water and sprayed every 5 centuries. If you sprinkle ash on the tree in the morning, this insect will fall from the tree

Collection: 

Harvesting can be started within 45-60 days of sowing the seeds depending on the cucumber variety. hector

Mushroom introduction and cultivation methods. [Mushroom cultivation ]

Will help  Mushroom introduction and cultivation methods. Will help you to turn around 

 

Mushroom is a type of fungus. It is also a delicious food. At present mushroom has become quite popular as a food in Bangladesh like other countries. Commercially Masrum Chas is also being done. There are about 3 lakh species of mushrooms in the world. Of these, about 290,000 species are inedible. About 10,000 species of mushrooms are being researched.   

Sage mushroom, gutti or button mushroom, milk white mushroom, wester mushroom, straw mushroom are being cultivated in Bangladesh. Many people are encouraged to grow mushrooms as they are more profitable. Mushroom cultivation is a profitable business. Mushrooms can be cultivated on a small or large scale. Mushrooms are cultivated from spoons. These spawns are created in the laboratory.[Mushroom ]

Not all fungi are mushrooms. Mushrooms are the only edible fungi. That is, all mushrooms are fungi but not all fungi are mushrooms. Although there are 3 target species of fungi in the world, only 200 species of edible fungi and mushrooms have been found so far. Of these, 30 species can be cultivated on a commercial basis and 10 on an industrial scale. It should be noted that each species has numerous cultivated strains (borns). At present, the National Mushroom Development and Extension Center has 157 cultivated mushroom strains.

Also, collection of 170 native mushroom strains and research on their cultivation is going on.

Mushroom is a potential new crop which is being expanded nationwide by the "National Mushroom Development and Extension Center" affiliated to the Department of Agriculture Extension and its 16 sub-centres. Considering the importance of mushrooms, the Bangladesh government has recently approved the Mushroom Development Institute. This institution is working to collect, preserve, adapt the varieties to the climate of Bangladesh and develop and expand the cultivation technology of new species of mushrooms.

As there are very few books on mushroom, it is possible to make the article more informative and practical by contacting the National Mushroom Development and Extension Center before publishing any article. It is good to say that the farming system of our country is very different from the farming system of other countries of the world.

Places suitable for cultivation:

Mushrooms cannot be cultivated in open ground. So it does not require arable land. For mushroom cultivation, houses should be made with thatch or bamboo sheds in a shaded area. Houses can also be built with mud walls. Bamboo fence can also be given. To prevent light from entering the house, bamboo fences have to be covered with soil. 

Oyster Mushroom Cultivation Method:

Mushroom cultivation can be started by collecting oyster mushroom seeds or spawn and other necessary materials. Mushroom cultivation is done step by step.

1. Mushroom seeds or spawn packets should be collected from the mushroom cultivation center. The seed or spawn should be slightly rounded on both sides and squeezed.

2. Soak the mushroom packet in water for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, remove the mushroom packet from the water.

3. The mushroom packet should be kept upside down for 5 to 10 minutes to drain the excess water. If the water falls, it should be left in the designated place of the house. Water should be sprinkled on it three to four times daily. 

4. Generally after 3 to 4 days sprouts grow from the cut area. After sprouting, water should be sprinkled occasionally.

5. It takes 5 or 6 days to produce edible mushrooms. When edible mushrooms are produced, they must be picked from the roots.

6. The area where the seed was cut should be slightly pinched with the blade. Mushrooms will grow from these seeds.

7. 3-4 times mushroom is obtained from one half kg seed or spawn packet. A total of 200 to 250 grams of mushrooms will be found in it.

Precautions:

1. The seeds or spawn should not be exposed to sunlight in any way. Always keep the room cool. If it is too hot, you should hang sacks around the house and keep it wet.

2. The mushroom house and the outside of the house should always be kept clean. An insect called the mushroom fly damages the mushrooms in unsanitary areas. 

3. Pesticides cannot be used.

Income and Profit Account:

Oyster mushroom petals should be picked up before they spread too much and cut slightly from the base. This packet should be marketed by making a few holes in the poly propylene packet and closing the mouth of the mushrooms. Each seed or spawn yields about 200 grams of mushroom. So from 200 seeds or spawn it will be possible to get about 40 kg of mushrooms. Currently, the price of mushroom per kg in the market is about Tk 120. to turn around 

 

Mushroom is a type of fungus. It is also a delicious food. At present mushroom has become quite popular as a food in Bangladesh like other countries. Commercially Masrum Chas is also being done. There are about 3 lakh species of mushrooms in the world. Of these, about 290,000 species are inedible. About 10,000 species of mushrooms are being researched.   

Sage mushroom, gutti or button mushroom, milk white mushroom, wester mushroom, straw mushroom are being cultivated in Bangladesh. Many people are encouraged to grow mushrooms as they are more profitable. Mushroom cultivation is a profitable business. Mushrooms can be cultivated on a small or large scale. Mushrooms are cultivated from spoons. These spawns are created in the laboratory.

Not all fungi are mushrooms. Mushrooms are the only edible fungi. That is, all mushrooms are fungi but not all fungi are mushrooms. Although there are 3 target species of fungi in the world, only 200 species of edible fungi and mushrooms have been found so far. Of these, 30 species can be cultivated on a commercial basis and 10 on an industrial scale. It should be noted that each species has numerous cultivated strains (borns). At present, the National Mushroom Development and Extension Center has 157 cultivated mushroom strains.

Also, collection of 170 native mushroom strains and research on their cultivation is going on.

Mushroom is a potential new crop which is being expanded nationwide by the "National Mushroom Development and Extension Center" affiliated to the Department of Agriculture Extension and its 16 sub-centres. Considering the importance of mushrooms, the Bangladesh government has recently approved the Mushroom Development Institute. This institution is working to collect, preserve, adapt the varieties to the climate of Bangladesh and develop and expand the cultivation technology of new species of mushrooms.

As there are very few books on mushroom, it is possible to make the article more informative and practical by contacting the National Mushroom Development and Extension Center before publishing any article. It is good to say that the farming system of our country is very different from the farming system of other countries of the world.

Places suitable for cultivation:

Mushrooms cannot be cultivated in open ground. So it does not require arable land. For mushroom cultivation, houses should be made with thatch or bamboo sheds in a shaded area. Houses can also be built with mud walls. Bamboo fence can also be given. To prevent light from entering the house, bamboo fences have to be covered with soil. 

Oyster Mushroom Cultivation Method:

Mushroom cultivation can be started by collecting oyster mushroom seeds or spawn and other necessary materials. Mushroom cultivation is done step by step.

1. Mushroom seeds or spawn packets should be collected from the mushroom cultivation center. The seed or spawn should be slightly rounded on both sides and squeezed.

2. Soak the mushroom packet in water for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, remove the mushroom packet from the water.

3. The mushroom packet should be kept upside down for 5 to 10 minutes to drain the excess water. If the water falls, it should be left in the designated place of the house. Water should be sprinkled on it three to four times daily. 

4. Generally after 3 to 4 days sprouts grow from the cut area. After sprouting, water should be sprinkled occasionally.

5. It takes 5 or 6 days to produce edible mushrooms. When edible mushrooms are produced, they must be picked from the roots.

6. The area where the seed was cut should be slightly pinched with the blade. Mushrooms will grow from these seeds.

7. 3-4 times mushroom is obtained from one half kg seed or spawn packet. A total of 200 to 250 grams of mushrooms will be found in it.

Precautions:

1. The seeds or spawn should not be exposed to sunlight in any way. Always keep the room cool. If it is too hot, you should hang sacks around the house and keep it wet.

2. The mushroom house and the outside of the house should always be kept clean. An insect called the mushroom fly damages the mushrooms in unsanitary areas. 

3. Pesticides cannot be used.

Income and Profit Account:

Oyster mushroom petals should be picked up before they spread too much and cut slightly from the base. This packet should be marketed by making a few holes in the poly propylene packet and closing the mouth of the mushrooms. Each seed or spawn yields about 200 grams of mushroom. So from 200 seeds or spawn it will be possible to get about 40 kg of mushrooms. Currently, the price of mushroom per kg in the market is about Tk 120.